Brand Management - Create a new sub-brand for Ted Baker plc (new make Essay

Brand Management - Create a new sub-brand for Ted Baker plc (new make up range) - Essay Example bulences within the British and the international market, the firm needs to prepare in advance a careful plan for the relevant initiative estimating the effectiveness and the feasibility of this project in the long term. In order to design the plan related with a specific product, we should primarily examine its potential market in terms of the customers’ preferences as they have been observed in relation with similar products. In this context, it is suggested by Henderson et al. (2000, 112) that ‘the building of a brand starts with a precise definition of the target customer group and its needs and expectations and proceeds to a realistic assessment of how well the brand currently meets them’. From a similar point of view, Dennis et al. (2002, 355) noticed that ‘branding is well known for consumer products but power has shifted from manufacturers brands towards retailers while the term image is more common than brand in the context of shopping centres, but branding may become more important’. In accordance with the above, the design and the development of a brand can be a challenging task especially when the targeted market is a competitive one (like in the case of UK). The proposed product will include a series of sub-products. More specifically, the firm is interested in launching a series of make up products including: a make up crà ¨me, a make up powder, a mix – make up product (crà ¨me and powder in one product) and a compact make up product which will be characterized for its long duration. The careful examination of the British market – especially of the specific sector – showed that this market is offered for the specific product. More specifically, in accordance with a series of statistics published by Market Research Portal (2006) the value of British cosmetics market is estimated to approximately 1.5 billion Euros for 2006. On the other hand, it is noticed that ‘over the past five years the make-up market has seen vibrant growth of

Belonging Essay Example for Free

Belonging Essay According to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, love and belonging is what drives human existence. We search for a sense of belonging every day of our lives, not realising that it is our perceptions and attitudes towards belonging that determine the fulfilment we experience. We can choose how we belong and the level of fulfilment we experience by changing our perceptions and attitude. This concept is expressed through the poetry of Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle†, Marc Foster’s film â€Å"Finding Neverland† and Nam Le’s short story â€Å"Love and Honour and Pride and Pity and Compassion and Sacrifice. Skrzynecki communicates the way that his perceptions and attitudes towards belonging affected his ability to feel fulfilled and content from a cultural perspective through his poetic anthology â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle†. In â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† the poet describes the admiration he has for his father and the way that he can remain connected to Poland in his mind whilst living in new country. Skrzynecki uses the word â€Å"gentle† to define his father, demonstrating the level of respect he has for him. He references the saying ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ in the line â€Å"Kept pace only with the Joneses/ Of his own minds making† to communicate that his father is able to feel content and fulfilled by choosing to stay connected with Poland, but only in his mind can he do so because they now live so far away. Skrzynecki doesn’t understand how his father can choose to belong, demonstrating his confusion by saying that his father is â€Å"happy as I have never been. † We begin to understand that Skrzynecki’s attitude towards belonging to his Polish heritage reflects his feelings of disconnection in the poem â€Å"Ancestors†. The line â€Å"where sand and grasses never stir† is a metaphor used to represent the stagnation of Skrzynecki’s connection with his Polish heritage. He is plagued with guilt and frustration as a result of his disconnection and this is demonstrated through the accusatory nature of the figures in his dream. The use of alliteration communicates Skrzynecki’s threat: â€Å"Standing shoulder to shoulder†. Skrzynecki does not realise that it is his own perceptions and attitudes that prevent him from belonging to his Polish ancestors, and this is reflected in his use of rhetorical questions throughout the poem: â€Å"how long is their wait to be? † Skrzynecki’s attitudes towards belonging begin to change in the poem â€Å"10 Mary Street† and a greater sense of fulfilment is communicated. Skrzynecki references his own poem â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† in the line â€Å"tended roses and camellias/ like adopted children. † This demonstrates that Skrzynecki’s perception of his father’s sense of belonging to his garden had changed. In â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki felt excluded because his father â€Å"loved his garden like an only child†. In â€Å"10 Mary Street† he realises that the sense of belonging he shares with his father is greater than the connection his father has with the garden and that to him it is just like an â€Å"adopted† child. This change in attitude leads to the last poem of the anthology â€Å"Post Card† in which Skrzynecki comes to the realisation that he has the ability to choose where and how he belongs. He writes of a post card that has been sent to him by a friend visiting Warsaw, the town in Poland where he and his parents once lived. Skrzynecki gives a description of the post card that is plainly devoid of emotion until the last line: â€Å"The sky’s the brightest shade. † This line is positively connoted and reflects Skrzynecki’s realisation that he has the ability to connect with Warsaw. Skrzynecki directly addresses the town by stating â€Å"I never knew you. † This personifies the town and further demonstrates the poets growing connection. Skrzynecki uses the qualifier â€Å"for the moment† to undercut the line â€Å"I never knew you† which is repeated in the fourth stanza. This demonstrates that Skrzynecki recognises that he doesn’t feel a sense of belonging to his Polish heritage, but that he is willing to explore it. He once again addresses the town with a rhetorical question in the fourth stanza: â€Å"What’s my choice to be? † This directly communicates that Skrzynecki understands that he has a choice about connecting to his Polish heritage and belonging, whilst also conveying his sense of indecision. Throughout the entire anthology Skrzynecki communicates his feelings of disconnection from both Australian and Polish cultures. Post Card† is Skrzynecki’s resolution as he is content with acknowledging that he doesn’t have to belong, and at the same time recognising that he doesn’t have to feel excluded from his Polish culture either. He uses the last lines of the poem to communicate that he does feel some sense of belonging to Warsaw, through personifying the town as speaking to him: â€Å"On a rivers bank/ A lone tree whispers:/ â€Å"We will meet before you die. † This externalises Skrzynecki’s new perceptions and attitude towards belonging and his acknowledgement that he will visit Poland one day and then make the choice as to whether or not he belongs to it. Marc Foster’s â€Å"Finding Neverland† alludes to the perception that a place where we belong can be created, through imagination as well as relationships. The protagonist James Barrie James Barrie is the protagonist in â€Å"Finding Neverland† and uses his imagination to create a place where he can hide from the unhappy reality of his failing plays and marriage, a place where he belongs. Foster demonstrates Barrie’s sense of not belonging at the beginning of the movie, when we see the playwright peeping through the stage curtains at the audience in the theatre. This shows us that Barrie is anxious, an emotion that is juxtaposed with those of the laughing, relaxed theatregoers. His anxiety and inner turmoil is further demonstrated when a point of view camera shot shows us that Barrie is imagining a rain storm with a colour pallet of dark blues and blacks within the theatre. The repeated image of a door is used to demonstrate the disconnection between Barrie and his wife. For example, when Barrie asks Mary if she would like to join him on a walk to the park she declines via a shout through a closed door. During another scene Mary and Barrie are left bickering, and are again disconnected by doors when the couple retire to their separate bedrooms. The doorway into which Mary retreats is dark and presents a sense of gloom for the woman, but Barrie’s doorway reveals brightly coloured parkland. This is where we are introduced to the concept of the imaginary Neverland and the purpose it has in allowing Barrie to choose to exist in a world where he belongs. When Barrie meets the Davies family his perceptions and attitudes towards belonging begin to change. The strong relationship he is forming with the four young boys and their mother is represented through the shared experience of imaginary worlds. The scenes swap back and forth between the Davies’ back yard and an old western tavern where the boys play a game of ‘Cowboys and Indians’. Likewise, a setting of a quiet, countryside pine forest becomes an Amazonian jungle in which the Davies’ family are pirates awaiting to be appointed to the crew of Captain Barrie. The editing is fast paced to show that the sense of belonging that Barrie and the Davies are developing through their relationships with one another is becoming stronger. Barrie comes to the realisation that he can belong outside of his imaginary world. Foster uses close up shots that are shared between him and the Davies boys, which communicate the strong bonds of love and friendship that they have with each other whilst also demonstrating Barrie’s new perceptions of belonging. Barrie has a choice as to whether he belongs in reality or in Neverland. Nam Le’s â€Å"Love and Honour and Pity and Pride and Compassion and Sacrifice† also demonstrates that perceptions and attitudes determine an individual’s ability to belong, through the relationship between a young writer appropriately named Nam and his father. In the title of his short story, Le references William Faulkner and the verities that define human interaction. The words become Nam’s influence in adapting his perceptions and attitudes towards belonging throughout the story. Nam struggles over whether he should use his father’s account of surviving the My Lai massacre as a fourteen year old boy and later Vietnamese prison camps after the fall of Saigon for a writing assignment. A strong sense of disconnection is evident between Nam and his father, demonstrated through the use of short, blunt sentences and pronouns that separate the two characters identities from each other: â€Å"He loved speaking in Vietnamese proverbs. I had long since learned to ignore it. † Nam is influenced by his mentors who tell him that â€Å"ethnic literature is hot†, but he questions whether Faulkner’s verities would apply to any ethnic literature that he could write when he doesn’t feel a sense of belonging to his Vietnamese heritage. Nam feels pressured to get his story done, and the only thing breaking him free of his writer’s block is his father’s past: â€Å"F**k it, I thought. I had two and a half days left. I would write the ethnic story of my Vietnamese father. † Personal pronouns are used in this example to communicate that Nam is writing the story for his own gain, and not his father’s because there is no sense of belonging in their relationship. The use of profanity suggests that there is internal conflict within Nam and guilt over not feeling a true sense of belonging with his father and Vietnamese history. Nam’s attitude towards feeling a sense of belonging to his father’s story changes when a friend tells him that the reason he respects his writing is because he doesn’t â€Å"exploit the Vietnamese thing. † He feels a sense of shame for taking his father’s history so lightly: â€Å"We were locked in all the intricate ways of guilt. † This is where Nam comes to realise that even though his heritage is rich with the verities that Faulkner talked about, he cannot write truthfully without feeling a sense of belonging to his Vietnamese culture or his father. Nam chooses to reach out to his father in attempt to understand and develop a sense of belonging to what he had written about. He uses his new perspective about his father and his father’s past to rewrite the story, and the pronouns â€Å"me† and â€Å"he† are used in the same sentences now, to show the son’s connection to his father: â€Å"He would see how powerful was his experience, how valuable his suffering – how I had made it speak for more than itself. He would be pleased with me. † Nam has chosen to change his attitude towards the relationship he has with his father and as a result can belong through his new understanding. All three texts communicate how changes in perspectives and attitudes towards belonging determine the level of fulfilment we can experience. Through these texts we can perceive that belonging is a choice and that our perceptions and attitudes towards belonging determine how fulfilling our lives are. If we can control our perceptions and attitudes towards belonging, we can effectively control how we belong, and as a result develop a higher understanding and awareness of our own identities.

Sin and Suffering Essay -- essays research papers

Sin and Suffering Is there a reason for sin and suffering? It is obvious the two are directly related in the Bible. In the Old Testament we see Saul/Paul feeling the wrath of God when he killed innocent people, as a king. Adam and Eve were expelled from the garden of Eden when they took fruit from a tree which God told them not to do. Today though, the relationship between sin and suffering is not so clear. We see poor, starving people in Africa. They suffer terribly, but there is no evidence that they haved sinned to the extent of being starved to death. Sin and suffering have been interpreted in different ways by different aspects of Christianity. Conservative Christians believe the Adam and Eve story to be literal history, and suffering is a direct consequence of their breaking of the covenant that Adam had with God. The Old Testament gives us an overall understanding of sin. Some beliefs include turning away from God and putting yourself before him. Not fufilling God's will or goals or rebellion or disobedience towards God. A classic view of sin is highlighted in Jeremiah (17.9) : 'Sin is that which sets up in place of God. It is an inner attitude of going against what is right, with it's basis in the heart.'; Is sin free will? Or is it something we are born with; something we have inherited from Adam? The Westminister Larger Catectism summarises the Biblical teaching of sin itself. It takes Paul's argument : 'The wages of sin is death'; in Romans.(6.23) Like this ve...

Choosing a Right University Essay

Choosing a university is a serious life-decision, because a university is a model of the real world and a place to stay for four years. In a university, we can chase for genuine knowledge, expand social networking, and learn about how to interact with people, etc. If we choose the wrong school, we might miss a lot of opportunities to learn and experience. In order to choose the right university, we have three important factors to consider: academic resources, activity resources, and accessibility. Since studying is the first priority for a university student, there is no doubt that we should first consider whether the school contains the academic resources that fit our interest . On one hand, if the students have interests in disciplinary fields, then they should choose a comprehensive university instead of a single field university. On the other hand, for students who have interest in specific field, they should choose the school that is dominant in that particular field. That is to say, to investigate whether the school owns the academic capability of the field that we are curious about is vital. Besides studying, how the students spend their free time is the second important factor to think about. Do the students spend all their spare time fooling around, or play on-line games? Or do they have various opportunities to experience life? In other words, we have to know whether the school offers chances of meaningful experiences for student to explore the world, such as international conferences, enlightened speeches, exchange programs, volunteering works and student clubs, etc. After viewing academic and extracurricular resources provided by the school, we can then take a look at the accessibility of the school. The reason why the accessibility of school need to be considered carefully is because there are still lots of things happen out of the campus. For example, exhibitions, intern, and speeches etc. all take place in the city center. As a result, we need to check whether we have the convenient access to the city center, for having chances to get connection with the real world. Choosing an ideal university is a complicated matter, but follow the factors which mentioned above might help us cross out some unsuitable options. To conclude, first is to know about the academic background of the school, then to see what extracurricular opportunities the school offers, and finally to know whether the access from to the real world is convenient or not.

How to Get Your MLA Citation Format Right?

How to get your MLA citation format right Well, the help is right here. When you are asked to write an essay or report in an MLA format, you might be confused how to reference your sources to avoid plagiarism. The MLA citation format is designed by the Modern Language Association, and the latest, 8th edition gives you simple guidelines to follow when providing direct quotes or referring to works you used to write your essay. It is mostly used for liberal arts, literature, and humanities course works. The requirements for in-text citation and reference list have been updated, due to the different types of electronic sources used by students. Find out below how to create a Works Cited page in MLA and avoid plagiarism. How to Format Your MLA Citation: General Guidelines Before you create your Works Cited page in MLA, you need to make sure that you get the order right. The following information is needed on the page in the following order: Author’s name Title of source (book or article Title of journal or collection Other contributors or editors Version number or â€Å"updated† information Number of the publication Publisher’s name Publication date Location of the publication Unlike in other academic formats, such as Chicago and Harvard Manual of Style , the date of the publication is in the very end of the citation. The updated 8th edition MLA style guide has simplified some of the references, so you can easily quote websites and online sources, too.Author’s InformationThe name of the author should be in a surname-first name order. If there is only one author, you need to write their full name, not only the initials, followed by a full stop. If there are two authors, connect their names with an â€Å"and†. If thereTitle PageThe titles of books should be written in Italics, but if you are using a website, the site’s title needs to be in quotes. When citing a journal article in an MLA format, you need to put the article’s title in quotes and the journal’s name (container) in italics. Music track titles should also be cited in italics.Container (collection or journal)As a general rule the container always has to be in Ital ics and title case. This includes the website where you found an article used as a source for your essay.Translation and CommentaryYou need to add this information after the basic (title and container) information, such as: â€Å"Translated by† or â€Å"Explanatory notes written by† followed by the name.Publisher and Publication DateIf you know the version of the source, you add this, followed by the publisher’s name and the date of the publication.Sample MLA Citation:Your MLA references should look like this: Contributors’ names. â€Å"Title of Resource.† Journal Name, Last edited date.In-text MLA CitationsYou can use direct or paraphrased quotations in MLA format. Unlike in APA and Harvard, you will not need to use the date when citing the source, only the name of the author, and the page number if you have taken an idea directly from a source, even if you paraphrased it. As a general rule, if you refer to the author in the same sentence, you will not need to add their name in the MLA format citation again, only the page number. For example, you can write the following sentence: â€Å"Greene claims that â€Å"urban neighbourhoods are declining† (226). You still have to note the page number for direct quotations, without the letter â€Å"p† or a full stop after the page number. If your MLA sources have more than one authors with the same surname, it is recommended that you use their first initial to identify them clearly in in-text citations. If there are two authors, write both of their surnames, and if there are three or more, only write the first author’s surname followed by â€Å"et al.†. When you quote indirect sources, you will need to add â€Å"qtd.in† and â€Å"name of the author† to your MLA citation.What are Parenthetical Citations?Any idea that you take directly from a source is a parenthetical citation, even if you do not quote it word-for-word. You always have to identify the source by page number to avoid plagiarism.What is the Main Change in the 8th Edition MLA Citation Guide?In previous versions, you were required to write web sources in a format that starts with http: or www. In the new version, you do not need to add either, simply start with the web address without the â€Å"www†.How to Format Your MLA Citation Page?You need to write â€Å"Works Cited† centred on the top of the MLA citation page. This is followed by tge alphabetical list of your sources used to write your essay. Order your sources based on authors’ surname. Do not start your source indented, but every second and following line of the same source needs to be indented half an inch. Do not put extra paragraph space between sources. If your Works Cited page is longer than one page, you do not have to use â€Å"Works Cited† on the next pages as a title. How to Check your MLA Referencing is Correct? There are several ways you can make sure that you have your MLA sources listed correctly. You might want to use the simple solution and use Google Scholar for referencing, however, it is not a hundred percent reliable. There are also tools you can use to create your MLA citations, such as citation machine. When you use the tool, you need to make sure that you select MLA 8th edition, as the references are created in 7th edition format as standard. Simply choose the type of source, and add your title and author, so you get your MLA references formatted for you. If you are not sure whether or not you have created the right format of citation or want to make sure you are not accused of plagiarism, and included all your sources, you can get in touch with our experienced academic editors at our site to help you out.Do you need help writing your Dissertation OR Custom Essay? Order Dissertation Today OR Call Now 855-997-2158Summary Article Name How to Get Your MLA Citation Format Right? Description Looking for some help on how to get your MLA citations right, then look no further, a brief guide is here. Author our site – Admin – Laura Publisher Name our site Publisher Logo

Free Essays on Taxes

Taxes2 Taxes From 1763, Americans had only to be convinced that an arbitrary ruler-whether Parliament or King-was violating their inherent rights, to feel that rebellion was justified. This conviction was bred in them by the series of events that occurred between 1763 and 1776. The language used to protest the British Acts was legal, and political. But the primary cause of the Revolution is economics. In theory the colonists accepted the principle that natural laws rather than royal decrees should govern the economy. In practice only the southern colonies were bound to England by the tobacco trade. The New England and Middle Colonies, unable to find markets in Britain, found prosperity by trading outside the empire. Any attempt to stop this trade would lead to rebellion and consequentially ensued. The idea of mercantilism where the channelizing of all trade through England, was a restriction upon economic prosperity of the New England colony. The major cause for revolution within the economic theory is of economic subordination of colonies to England. The Greenville Ministry passed a number of acts, but the main act of provocation to the colonists was the stamp act. The stamp act was protested upon the principle of "no taxation without representation". The stamp act was affecting virtually all the colonists, and restricted economic prosperity, thus it was protested by colonists. The Townsend Acts were also a factor in the economic theory, Sam Adams had said "The parliament was taxing illegally!", most colonists agreed, and a Taxes3 boycott of British goods resulted. When the British passed the Currency act, this left the paper money worthless, and the colonists had to rely (economically) on England for Hard Currency. The ma... Free Essays on Taxes Free Essays on Taxes Taxes2 Taxes From 1763, Americans had only to be convinced that an arbitrary ruler-whether Parliament or King-was violating their inherent rights, to feel that rebellion was justified. This conviction was bred in them by the series of events that occurred between 1763 and 1776. The language used to protest the British Acts was legal, and political. But the primary cause of the Revolution is economics. In theory the colonists accepted the principle that natural laws rather than royal decrees should govern the economy. In practice only the southern colonies were bound to England by the tobacco trade. The New England and Middle Colonies, unable to find markets in Britain, found prosperity by trading outside the empire. Any attempt to stop this trade would lead to rebellion and consequentially ensued. The idea of mercantilism where the channelizing of all trade through England, was a restriction upon economic prosperity of the New England colony. The major cause for revolution within the economic theory is of economic subordination of colonies to England. The Greenville Ministry passed a number of acts, but the main act of provocation to the colonists was the stamp act. The stamp act was protested upon the principle of "no taxation without representation". The stamp act was affecting virtually all the colonists, and restricted economic prosperity, thus it was protested by colonists. The Townsend Acts were also a factor in the economic theory, Sam Adams had said "The parliament was taxing illegally!", most colonists agreed, and a Taxes3 boycott of British goods resulted. When the British passed the Currency act, this left the paper money worthless, and the colonists had to rely (economically) on England for Hard Currency. The ma...

Free Essays on Ayn Rand Anthem

Imagine it’s five hundred years ahead of the present time yet the technology is as advanced as it was in the middle ages and it’s a collectivist social structure so out of reach that Joseph Stalin would roll over in his grave. Imagine the only source of light is a candle and that the only things known about the solar system are that the earth’s flat and that the sun revolves around the earth. This dream is Ayn Rand’s Anthem, a politically charged novel about a society that uses oppression and communism/collectivism as a way to keep their citizens in control. Anthem is a story with strong themes tying in directly with communism and collectivism and how the oppression of many can lead to the enlightenment of few. To begin, the rulers of this society either apply wild contortions of normal ideas or restrict certain things vital to humans in order to justify their collectivist ideals. The most blatantly abused ideal in the story that is used to corrupt minds is that all brothers are equal. These thoughts on men’s equality are inscribed in marble, â€Å"We are one in all and all in one. There are no men but only the great WE, one, indivisible forever† (19). Along with the misuse of the word â€Å"equality† there is also a lack of emotion in the people of this society. When people reproduce, the parents are chosen at random and once the baby is born it is put into the Home of Infants. Prometheus conveys the lack of nurture in the home of infants, â€Å"The sleeping halls were white and clean and bare of all things save one hundred beds† (21). The children of this society are a barren wasteland, void of all emotion, and as they grow they are deprived of more of the personal choices people in a normal society would make. Furthermore, once a child reaches the age of 15, he or she is assigned a job, they have no right to choose. Not only can they not choose jobs but friends are out of the question as well, â€Å"International 4-8818... Free Essays on Ayn Rand Anthem Free Essays on Ayn Rand Anthem Imagine it’s five hundred years ahead of the present time yet the technology is as advanced as it was in the middle ages and it’s a collectivist social structure so out of reach that Joseph Stalin would roll over in his grave. Imagine the only source of light is a candle and that the only things known about the solar system are that the earth’s flat and that the sun revolves around the earth. This dream is Ayn Rand’s Anthem, a politically charged novel about a society that uses oppression and communism/collectivism as a way to keep their citizens in control. Anthem is a story with strong themes tying in directly with communism and collectivism and how the oppression of many can lead to the enlightenment of few. To begin, the rulers of this society either apply wild contortions of normal ideas or restrict certain things vital to humans in order to justify their collectivist ideals. The most blatantly abused ideal in the story that is used to corrupt minds is that all brothers are equal. These thoughts on men’s equality are inscribed in marble, â€Å"We are one in all and all in one. There are no men but only the great WE, one, indivisible forever† (19). Along with the misuse of the word â€Å"equality† there is also a lack of emotion in the people of this society. When people reproduce, the parents are chosen at random and once the baby is born it is put into the Home of Infants. Prometheus conveys the lack of nurture in the home of infants, â€Å"The sleeping halls were white and clean and bare of all things save one hundred beds† (21). The children of this society are a barren wasteland, void of all emotion, and as they grow they are deprived of more of the personal choices people in a normal society would make. Furthermore, once a child reaches the age of 15, he or she is assigned a job, they have no right to choose. Not only can they not choose jobs but friends are out of the question as well, â€Å"International 4-8818...

Understanding Polynomials in Algebra

Understanding Polynomials in Algebra Polynomials are algebraic expressions that include real numbers and variables. Division and square roots cannot be involved in the variables. The variables can only include addition, subtraction and multiplication. Polynomials contain more than one term. Polynomials are the sums of monomials. A monomial has one term: 5y or -8x2  or 3.A binomial has two terms: -3x2  2, or 9y - 2y2A trinomial has 3 terms: -3x2  2 3x, or 9y - 2y2  y The degree of the term is the exponent of the variable: 3x2  has a degree of 2.When the variable does not have an exponent - always understand that theres a 1 e.g.,  1x Example of Polynomial in a Equation x2  - 7x - 6   (Each part is a term and x2  is referred to as the leading term.) Term Numerical Coefficient x2-7x-6 1 -7 -6 8x2 3x -2 Polynomial 8x-3 7y -2 NOT a Polynomial The exponent is negative. 9x2 8x -2/3 NOT a Polynomial Cannot have division. 7xy Monomial Polynomials are usually written in decreasing order of terms. The largest term or the term with the highest exponent in the polynomial is usually written first. The first term in a polynomial is called a leading term. When a term contains an exponent, it tells you the degree of the term. Heres an example of a three term polynomial: 6x2  - 4xy 2xy - This three term polynomial has a leading term to the second degree. It is called a second degree polynomial and often referred to as a trinomial.9x5  - 2x 3x4  - 2  - This 4 term polynomial has a leading term to the fifth degree and a term to the fourth degree. It is called a fifth degree polynomial.3x3  - This is a one term algebraic expression which is actually referred to as a monomial. One thing you will do when solving polynomials is combine like terms. Like  terms: 6x 3x - 3x NOT  like terms: 6xy 2x - 4 The first two terms are like and they can be combined: 5x2  2x2  - 3 Thus: 10x4  - 3 Now youre ready to start adding polynomials.

Why is Leadership an important but controversial area of Essay

Why is Leadership an important but controversial area of Organisational Behaviour - Essay Example The present research has identified that leadership for the purpose of this paper refers to the managerial process in which the manager of an organization guides, supports, motivates subordinates so the latter can fulfill their duties accordingly to the plan and goal of the organization. In short, it refers to the process of accomplishing organizational goals through others. The researcher states that organization behavior, on the other hand, is about studying the impact of individuals including leaders, groups, and structures on how people behave within organizations. Its roles include promoting organizational performance, organizational development and also the satisfaction and performance of people in the organization. This paper then asserts that leadership is important to promoting organizational effectiveness or organization performance because of the important functions that a leader would do to attain goals and objectives. It is the leader that defines that tasks and how to d o the same through other people in organizations. In doing the same, he would most probably need followers or group of individuals who would have to work with the said leader. It is clear that the leadership must be very if tasks need to be done by people, who would have to influenced, directed and motivated to action. Without a leader who calls the shots, it is hard to see a group moving towards a direction.

Evaluating Methods used for Establishing Quality Article

Evaluating Methods used for Establishing Quality - Article Example The researcher will employ the use of three different but very crucial evaluation criteria. These include whether the methods of establishing quality were appropriately used, whether all aspects of the methods for establishing quality were described or justified sufficiently, and whether the author should have used additional methods to establish quality. After reading the article keenly and going through each and every detail, the author is convinced that the methods of establishing quality were used appropriately in this qualitative research paper. For instance, there is evidence in the article that the author has employed a survey in order to collect data and to validate claims when carrying out the research. In order to validate this claim, the author looked at the paper carefully, and in the methodology section, it is clear that a survey is being used. For example, at the beginning of the methodology section, it is said that the study was performed as a survey containing six for mulated questions about the key areas, the causes and the CP of corporate vulnerability in companies’ upstream and downstream supply chains. The researcher thinks that all aspects of the methods for establishing quality were described or justified sufficiently. This is because all the aspects of surveys (the method used in this case) have been elaborated on in great detail. For instance, the author has covered the research (survey) questions, content analysis and a discussion of the empirical findings. All these have been accompanied by well elaborated and illustrated examples. The researcher is of the view that the author should not have used additional methods to establish quality. This is because he has picked just one method and effectively used it to establish sufficient quality in his paper. The researcher thinks that the degree of effectiveness achieved with one method does not warrant any other(s).

Health Care Administration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Care Administration - Research Paper Example It is important to identify the individual strengths within a healthcare team that can contribute to the success of the group and also to define specific areas of expertise required from different healthcare provider roles that are critical to teamwork. Healthcare management education programs stress the important skills and competencies necessary in healthcare management. These skills are essential for accreditation and also provide an organizational superiority that affects the reputation and effectiveness of a healthcare institution. Health service managers define different sets of competencies for management teams. Among the important teams involved in healthcare organizations are human resource management, operations management and organizational learning. Each of these organizational units plays an important role in defining the work structure, the coordination and the effectiveness of healthcare delivery services. In regard to management teams, the areas of expertise that rank the highest generally are the commitment to teamwork collaboration, a strong motivation to achieve positive patient outcome, and a strong commitment to the healthcare organization. Important environmental components that support effective healthcare management teamwork include an environment that is perceived as comfortable and safe, one that encourages high level involvement at all levels of management and a system that supports high standards for performance among team members. Management employees who are committed to the success of the team and to enabling the success of others within the team represent effective organizational approaches. Best practice human resource management promotes the strengths of the individual as part of an effective team. . This is an important goal for healthcare management education. It is also important for the

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH PROGRAMS (Module 2 SLP Topic - Quality Essay

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH PROGRAMS (Module 2 SLP Topic - Quality Management) - Essay Example The Arizona Department of Corrections Division of Health Services, even in the face of the questions posed above and many more, established a Total Quality Management (TQM) model in 2000 (2008). Several benefits have been reaped already due to this move including large savings to a constrained budget. It can be appreciated that under such dynamic conditions as being under a correctional facility, the departments under this division host several cultures and the issue of diversity cannot be ignored. Health Services offers comprehensive services covering medicinal, dental, mental health, occupational health and pharmaceutical help just to name a few. These services are carried out as per TQM policies, are well documented and backed up with continuous staff development programs (Shriro, 2003, p. 4). The use of modern technology in services such as the Remote Correctional Pharmacy System Access (CIPS) and Telemedicine reduces constrains on the labor force. These systems make it possible for secure transfer of medical details of transferred inmates from the county office to the requisite correctional facility without need for the physical presence of a corrections officer cutting down on internal failure costs. Video conferencing under the telemedicine program make it possible to gain medical interventions for provision of professional care to patients without actually leaving the facility thus reducing the exposure of the general populace in conventional clinics and hospitals to i nmates, a saving on prevention costs. e-Business solutions reduce travel and time as well as promotes continuity of care (24 - 31). The division competes for services of health care professionals with all other government departments and has not been spared from staffing problems. This increases the cost of care due to contraction of services to part-time staff that require higher

Applied Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Microbiology - Essay Example Additionally, the accessibility of the microbial genome sequences gives a wide scope of opportunities to understand as well as exploit the microorganisms present in the wine. The influence of molecular revolution in medicinal applications is evidenced by the genetic alteration of bacteria to produce an enzyme that can treat a human disease (Sehgal, 2012). For example, nanotechnology has led to the deliverance of the drug in different forms such as dendrimers, nanoshells and nanotubes to specific genes in humans (Sehgal, 2012). Development of synthetic neology will lead to the extensive application of applied microbiology in the production of biodegradable biomaterials. For instance, it is apparent that bioplastics will replace the production of non-degradable waste materials. In relation to this, microbes such as aerobes, anaerobes as well as photosynthetic bacteria with the ability to accumulate and catabolise polyesters responsible for the formation of bioplastics will be used (Garcia, Luengo, Naharro, Olivera & Sandoval, 2003). Additionally, it is evident that the development of synthetic neology will lead to the large-scale creation of recombinant organisms with the ability to synthesize bioplastics from cheap carbon sources. Apart from replacing non-biodegradable materials, synthetic neology will lead to the production of materials that will be used in the health sector (Garcia et al., 2003). For instance, the polyesters produced by the microorganisms will be used in medical applications like sutures , implants, and urological stents. In addition to this, the polyesters will be used in the treatment of narcolepsy as well as alcohol addiction. Biologic products are derived from natural (biological) products. They include medical products such as vaccines, blood products, and allergenic extracts such as allergy shots. A natural product, on the other hand, is a product of a

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and Essay

Compare and contrast the theories of Karl Marx (the class motive) and John Stuart Mill (the happiness motive) with reference to the issue of oppression in moder - Essay Example hasized in both Marx, and Mill, but whereas Marx sees the political motives of the individual to be class-based rejection of capitalism, Mills sees the happiness of the individual as more important than political or social oppression. Each of these theorists have contributed towards twentieth century political influence, with both socialists and libertarians using these works as cornerstones of activism and individual beliefs. Marx’s supporters tend to believe in community support, with individual needs oppressed in favor of the society; Mill’s theories are concerned with the right of pursuit of individual happiness, against the demands of a society for conformity and participation in accepted beliefs. Marx’s theory of the individual was heavily influenced by the work of Hegel, who was influential in turning the concentration of philosophers from institutions to the individual. Hegel saw society as the individual having subjective encounters â€Å" With the Material World† (Schleuning, webpage). While Hegel sees the material world as essential to developing the individual; property and ownership are crucial. ‘Ownership’ in this sense is not purchasing, but creation of material through work: creative self-expression. Marx sees the individual worker being divided from his former ownership of the items which he makes, affecting his consciousness (Ritts, 153). â€Å"The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, has control at the same time over the means of mental production† (Marx, page 191). This is the ‘tyranny of the minority’, or the smaller bourgeois class, over the much larger, working-class majority. Ritts sees this as Social Darwinism, with the fitness not suitability for survival, but personal fortune (Ritts, 153) The individual worker’s life inside an industrial society is, according to Marx, very precarious, and this is one of the causes of conflict between the individual and the bourgeois owners. Marx’s

Applied Microbiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Applied Microbiology - Essay Example Additionally, the accessibility of the microbial genome sequences gives a wide scope of opportunities to understand as well as exploit the microorganisms present in the wine. The influence of molecular revolution in medicinal applications is evidenced by the genetic alteration of bacteria to produce an enzyme that can treat a human disease (Sehgal, 2012). For example, nanotechnology has led to the deliverance of the drug in different forms such as dendrimers, nanoshells and nanotubes to specific genes in humans (Sehgal, 2012). Development of synthetic neology will lead to the extensive application of applied microbiology in the production of biodegradable biomaterials. For instance, it is apparent that bioplastics will replace the production of non-degradable waste materials. In relation to this, microbes such as aerobes, anaerobes as well as photosynthetic bacteria with the ability to accumulate and catabolise polyesters responsible for the formation of bioplastics will be used (Garcia, Luengo, Naharro, Olivera & Sandoval, 2003). Additionally, it is evident that the development of synthetic neology will lead to the large-scale creation of recombinant organisms with the ability to synthesize bioplastics from cheap carbon sources. Apart from replacing non-biodegradable materials, synthetic neology will lead to the production of materials that will be used in the health sector (Garcia et al., 2003). For instance, the polyesters produced by the microorganisms will be used in medical applications like sutures , implants, and urological stents. In addition to this, the polyesters will be used in the treatment of narcolepsy as well as alcohol addiction. Biologic products are derived from natural (biological) products. They include medical products such as vaccines, blood products, and allergenic extracts such as allergy shots. A natural product, on the other hand, is a product of a

Modern Public Health emphasises the importance of public involvement Essay

Modern Public Health emphasises the importance of public involvement. Critically and creatively analyse relevant literature to explain ways in which practitione - Essay Example Institute for Health Research â€Å"which aims to promote and support active public involvement in NHS, public health and social care research.† The group believes Specific organization†(Department of Health, 2006). Because people are involved in making decisions about their own health care and that of those they are close to, practitioners can be instrumental in identifying the needs of the public in which it serves. Goals of the new system are to develop a â€Å"health and social care system planned around the needs of individual people and those of the community,† create services that are â€Å" flexible, responsive, open to challenge, accountable to communities and constantly open to improvement,† and lastly, â€Å"assign decision making to the local level†(DH, 2006). Practitioners should encourage and collaborate with educators locally to provide health topic information to the youngest of the public population who will one day become the leaders and major influence in the lives of others. Even at the youngest levels, children are capable of absorbing and processing large amounts of information. One forum or place for health services that is becoming increasingly common is the workplace. The public is generally aware of job stress, health and safety risks and general employment practices that are unhealthy. Practitioners can also encourage local employers to become involved in the health education process, as an integral part of the particular workplace. Practitioners can then make recommendations for changes in processes or policies that encourage better physical and mental health, fewer workplace injuries and less time taken from work. Practitioners should be open to workplace complaints that those they serve provide. They can become advocates by addressing such diagnostic tools developed to assist them. This is a great way to influence the public and involve them in decision making processes. Allowing residents of a particular geographic area to

Vygotskys Educational Theory Essay Example for Free

Vygotskys Educational Theory Essay Vygotsky is an important theorist in the twentieth century in education. He has come up with the theory discussing the zone of proximal development and its application to the education of person with special needs. This theory has been put into practice in coming up with strategies for persons with intellectual challenges. But this however does not come up with full support as some of the propositions in his theories have been criticized. In his theories he considers the zone of proximal development to possess upper and lower limits where children are categorized in the limits. The first misconception that can be deduced from his theory is that assessment of a child’s zones provides a biased incomplete picture (Robert, 28). Hence an accurate picture of the child’s learning style, development level, and learning ability cannot be obtained through comparison to children of similar ages or degrees of motivation. Thus the zone’s width depending on its causes could be undesirable or desirable. Measurement is another hindrance observed in the theory. This is because, there exists no metric scale to configure a child’s individual zone. This is because Vygotsky at times measured the zone in terms of chronological age in relation to mental age. This has drawback in that comparison cannot be done by the number of years. For instance a 9 year old behaving like a 12 year old has a 3 year age difference. This cannot be applied in a case of children with ages 5 and 8 as the difference is similarly 3 years (Kozulin, 40). The zone meets another obstacle since little is known on the stability and generality of an individual’s zone. The domain of one child’s zone is not equal across different children (Daniels, Harry, and Mariane, 80). This is due to the fact that behavior differences do occur in children of similar ages. Thus a zone is not stable and neither can it be generalized. The theory pays little attention to issues of development across different ages. It gives little idea how a child’s level of cognition would constrain or permit processes in the zone. It also ignores the effect different settings have on children and ignores cognitive skills needed to respond to varying stimuli. The theory overlooks the fact that varying developmental levels lead to varying responses to a setting (Kozulin, 67). Finally Vygotsky’s theory lacks tasks  prototypical to be associated with the theory as he relies on general summaries. Considering the aforementioned weaknesses, many theorists and educationist borrow little from his theory in its application to special education. This is coupled with the fact that persons with special needs occur in a large diversity. Hence the theory would call for individualization of strategies adopted for special needs learners. Works cited Daniels, Harry, and Mariane Hedegaard. Vygotsky and special needs education: rethinking support for children and schools. London: Continuum International Pub. Group, 2011. Print. Kozulin, Alex. Vygotskys educational theory in cultural context. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003. Print. Robert, Michelle Suzanne. Vygotsky theories meaningful relationships. Burnaby B.C.: Simon Fraser University, 2005. Print.

Comparing The Element of Style and Style Toward Clarity and Grace :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Comparing The Element of Style and Style Toward Clarity and Grace Stylish writing has never been much of an issue before reading Strunk and White and Williams. I personally would interpret style as being an individual refection of one’s self. In reading â€Å"The Element of Style† and â€Å"Style Toward Clarity and Grace† I learned that style isn’t necessarily just a reflection of an individual’s style but it is also how the many rules to writing are used when composing a piece. In Strunk, White and Williams’ attempts to educate formal writers on how to write stylish, understandably, and within the rules, they give great examples of the usage of correct grammar, composition, and words and expressions. The authors of both books agree that there are rules to follow when writing a good or stylish paper and that most or all of the rules need to be followed in order for your piece to be a success. I do believe that Williams was a bit more lenient with the rules though. While Strunk and White seemed to be saying these are the rules follow them or else, Williams seems to be saying, these are the rules follow them but not so much so as to loose your own style. One Rule imposed by Strunk and White that really stood out for me is â€Å"Do not explain too much†. (75) Strunk and White state that it is seldom advisable to tell all. My problem with this is, when an author is writing his/her objective is generally to explain something or to tell a story and without stating the obvious what actually is too much explaining. Strunk and White were a bit vague on this subject as they were when they said, â€Å"Be clear† and â€Å"Do not inject opinion†(79). Two subjects that are understandable but I don’t feel were explained in enough detail. Both authors address style from different perspectives but ultimately there are more similarities than differences in the two books, besides the fact that they are both defining style, they give somewhat similar accounts as to what they feel style is. In Williams’ Cohesion chapter he emphasizes that to solve the problem with obtaining clarity when writing is to discover how, without sacrificing local clarity, we can shape sentences to fit their context and to reflect those larger intentions that motivate us to write in the first place (45).

Web Credibility :: Teaching Technology Internet Papers

Web Credibility Visualize the following scenario for a moment: You have entered what appears to be a library. The tens of thousand of rows and stacks of books seem endless. They are the focal point, an overwhelming, cartoonish image. The shelves seem ever-expanding by turns, and sag under the weight of the multi-colored volumes represented by all colors, forms and textures imaginable. There are some signs on the shelves that call out topics: Medicine, Science, Literature. Something is missing though, and the sheer number of books—the lure to peruse, to begin pulling and skimming is making it hard to concentrate on what it is; but it becomes apparent soon enough. There are no librarians and no help desks. No databases, library catalogs, no guidance at all. There is nothing to do but read, and once you open the books many seem to be missing the first several pages. At first reading, it may seem untoward to compare this surrealist library to the Internet, but consider the Internet by characteristics; by what it is, and what it isn’t, as a tool for research gathering, and it's not so far a reach. Choosing to begin a paper with an image rather than statistics, is a scheme to avoid the known, and to begin to promote consideration of what educators may or may not recognize about Web page credibility or the identification of credible Internet sources, why they should take the initiative, and what information they should utilize when educating their students, just as they would if undertaking a fundamental composition assignment. The Why of Teaching the Internet Now we have the Information Age, whose poster child is the internet. It seems to be all things to all people and thus can't be quantified or subjected to easy ethical questions. It is new territory, and the uncertainty of Internet ethics is far reaching. The Internet is for the most part unmanaged, unedited, unsupervised; anyone can post information on the Internet for all to see. Opinions can parade as hard facts; people with far-flung ideas can easily find an audience; photos, jokes and drawings of any ilk can be published†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (Emmans ) This quote, from 2000, along with strong notions of overall growth, of sources and users, represents, for most educators, the known of the Internet. It highlights the ever-expanding shelves in the library above; the lack of available expertise when choosing sources, the absence of publishers, reviews (in the missing front pages of the books) and clear paths through the maze of open choice.

Farenheit 451 Reflection

Reflection #1 Cipriano Echavarria Farenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Pg. 72 â€Å"You can’t build a house without nails and wood. If you don’t want a house built, hide the nails and wood. If you don’t want a man unhappy politically, don’t give him two sides to a question to worry him; give him one. Better yet, give him none. Let him forget there is such a thing as war†. (72) Censorship has stroked the world for many decades; fearful governments have been hiding information or modifying it to its citizens. Why? Why are governments afraid of the knowledge of their people?Knowledge is power, and throughout history we’ve seen how man is always in search for more knowledge, curious on finding explanations to unanswered questions and on analyzing both sides to a question. Knowledge of people has caused many problems to world governments, many revolutions and wars have started due to the fact that citizens have encountered a new form of thinking. Fahrenh eit 451 portrays a futuristic society in which the government has censored everything, from books to newspapers and from T.V shows to Radio shows. This society never experiments conflict or disagreement because everybody is taught the same things and therefore think the same way. This has made me think on which is actually the best way to rule a society. Is it the way most countries in the world implement, an uncensored and free-thinking way, were due to the different opinions and thoughts many conflicts are created which lead to death, torture and cruelty. Or is it the way shown in the book, were everybody is thought to think the same way.I arrived to a conclusion and basing myself on the Human Rights Declaration, people should be free on what information they want to know and on how they want to think, but they must be taught to respect differences, and to be tolerant in order to avoid conflict. Reflection #2 Cipriano Echavarria Farenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Pg. 181 I really enjoy ed myself and learned a lot while reading this book. I’ve never liked fiction or realistic-fiction books but I’ve got to admit that this book will make me think twice whenever I’ll have to choose between a fiction and a non-fiction book.The author did a really god job on creating a Futuristic place were many things were associated to reality but had different roles. For example, firemen instead of having to extinguish fire had to create fires which burned books. This makes you think about reality and ask yourself questions about how would society be if roles were inverted, if firemen instead of extinguishing fires created them, if policemen instead of providing security against thefts and murders would attack you, if drugs were legal etc.The book not only provided an interesting perspective on how would a society be if everyone thought the same way but it also gave many lectures about love and friendship. It showed how Montag (main character) didn’t love his wife and that even though he pretended and tried to be happy with her and tried to love her wasn’t able to do it. This made me think about the importance of love, and of never trying to trick your feelings on trying to make them love a person who you really don’t, it also made me think (as harsh as it could sound) if I really loved my girlfriend or if she was just a person who physically and mentally attracted me.Finally the author did a great job in writing many quotes that relates to everyday situations, one of the quotes that I most liked and related to was: â€Å"We cannot tell the precise moment when friendship is formed. As in filling a vessel drop by drop, there is at last a drop which makes it run over; so in a series of kindnesses there is at least one which makes the heart run over. † The author used this quote to explain Montags feelings towards a girl named Clarisse, which after a short time being friends Montag started to love.This quote extreme ly relates to a situation I experienced in the past, my best friend and I let our hearts â€Å"run over† and after many years of being friends we fell in love. Fahrenheit has been probably the book from which I’ve most learned about and the one with I could relate the most; it’s my new favorite book. It’s curious how things in life just arrive in the perfect moment. A week ago I was in the UN model of Barranquilla discussing Extrajudicial Executions and censorship done by the government; coincidentally Fahrenheit 451 is based on different types of Extrajudicial Executions and censorship done by the government.

Managing Employee Motivation and Performance

INTERNATIONAL BURCH UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT MANAGING EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE RESEARCH PAPER by Nedzad ISAKOVIC Project Supervisor M. A. Edin SMAJIC SARAJEVO April, 2012 Contents 1. Introduction2 1. 1. The Motivation Process2 1. 2. Wath Managers Do In Practice2 2. Motivating by Structuring Jobs to Make Them Interesting3 2. 1. Job Design3 2. 2. Job Enrichment and Job Enlargement3 2. 3. The Job Characteristics Model4 3. Conclusion5 4. References7 1. Introduction Motivation is defined as the process that initiates, guides and maintains goal-oriented behaviors.Motivation is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst, reading a book to gain knowledge or performing some specific job assignment to get pay. Why is the motivation of employees so important at the workplace? It is important for managers because it determines individual performance of the workers along with ability of the workers and work environment . The most challenging factor for manager to control of these three is motivation. Individual behavior is a complex phenomenon, and the manager needs to enter the core of the problem if he is going to solve it. 1. 1. The Motivation ProcessThe motivation process progresses through a series of discrete steps. Content, process, and reinforcement perspectives on motivation address different parts of this process (Griffin, 2008). Content perspective tries to find what factor or factors motivate people. The most popular content theories are Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the ERG theory and Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Process perspectives on motivation explore how the motivation process works and how it occurs. They try to find out why people certain behavior options to fulfill their needs and how workers evaluate their satisfactions after their decisions.Theories of process perspectives are expectancy theory, equity theory and the newer attribution theory. The reinforcement perspective tries to find out which factors force employees to continue being motivated. It tells us that employees will repeat the behavior for which they are rewarded, and they won’t repeat behavior for which they are punished. Reinforcement perspective uses positive reinforcement, avoidance, punishment and extinction as tools to keep employees motivated. These are just theories which help managers to determine what to do in practice. 1. 2.What Managers Do In Practice The most shared thought and strategy among managers in practice is that money motivates. Because of that managers use large variety of reward systems such as merit reward systems, incentive reward systems and team reward systems to improve motivation and performance of their employees. Their assumption is correct and employees do actually perform better when they know that they will receive more money for their improved performance. But another question arises: How long will the improved performance last if mo ney is key motivator?The answer is that it won’t last long. The studies have shown that individuals have difficulty recalling the bonus they receive and it does not seem to have the same impact it did within the first few weeks or months of receiving it. That's because money, in and of itself, will not continuously motivate individuals. Employees are motivated much more if money rewards are combined with recognition and with improved job design. Another problem that arises from using the money as a key factor of motivation is that it costs.The companies need to give large amounts of money to employees as bonuses and there were several cases where bonuses are actually larger than annual salaries of some employees. This becomes a real problem if company wants to decrease the amount of bonuses employees receive. Employees become more dissatisfied and unmotivated because they are used to have large bonuses, so their performance falls quite a lot. My opinion is that the best way t o motivate employees to perform better is to design jobs by making them more appealing to people. 1. Motivating by Structuring Jobs to Make Them Interesting 2. 3. Job DesignThis approach of motivation is directed at improving the essential nature of the work performed by changing the design of the job. Job design is concerned with structuring jobs in order to improve organization efficiency and employee job satisfaction (Snell/Bohlander, 2007). Employees today engage in repetitive movements, which they find highly routine and monotonous. Not surprisingly, people became bored with such jobs and their performance falls with time. Fortunately, today’s organizational scientists have found several ways of designing jobs that aren’t just efficient, but are also pleasant and motivating.Job enlargement and job enrichment are two approaches that improve motivation by changing job design. 2. 4. Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment One of the first modern approaches to redesigning jobs suggested that boredom of employees by engaging in highly repetitive jobs could be minimized by having people perform an increased number of different tasks all at the same level. This approach is known as job enlargement (Greenberg/Baron, 2008). Because of this approach employees don’t need higher skills or have higher responsibility, but perform more different actions at the same level.Changing job in this way is an increase in the horizontal job loading. Several studies showed that job enlargement is very useful way to increase employee job satisfaction and employee boredom at the workplace. A more effective approach, job enrichment, gives employees not only more jobs to do, but more tasks to perform at a higher level of skill and responsibility (Greenberg/Baron, 2008). The main idea of job enrichment is making jobs more interesting to people so that they will be more highly motivated to perform them.Job enrichment gives employees the opportunity to take greater contr ol over how to do their jobs. Because people performing enriched jobs work at higher levels than others, this approach increases a job’s vertical job loading. Even the job enrichment is successful it has some problems in implementation. First one is difficulty of implementation because it is expensive to redesign existing facilities. Second problem is lack of employee acceptance because not all employees are ready to accept the changes in their job accomplishment and higher obligations for the work they perform. 2. 5. The Job Characteristics ModelIn previous text I stated that employers should enrich the jobs, but I failed to specify precise what elements of a job need to be enriched for it to be effective. Job characteristics model answers this question. It assumes that jobs can be designed so as to help people get enjoyment out of their jobs and care about the work they do (Greenberg/Baron, 2008). It tells us how jobs can be redesigned to help employees feel that they are d oing meaningful and valuable work. The model specifies that enriching certain elements of jobs influences employee’s psychological states in a manner that increases their work effectiveness.It identifies five core job dimensions that help create three critical psychological states, leading to several beneficial personal and work outcomes. The five critical job dimensions are skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback. Skill variety shows us how many different tasks the employee performs using several of his skills and talents. Task identity shows us how much is employee involved in one piece of work, from beginning to end. Task significance shows us how much impact employee’s work has on others.Autonomy shows us how much freedom employees have in planning and performing jobs as they wish. Feedback shows us how much the job allows employees to know is their performance efficient enough. The model tells that these various job dimensions have important effects on many critical psychological states. Combination of these job dimensions have effect on experienced meaningfulness of the job performed, which is then experienced as highly important, valuable and worthwhile. Job dimensions also determine how much employees are personally responsible and accountable for their work.When they are free to decide what to do and how to do it they feel more responsible for their work. Finally, these job dimensions impact employee’s knowledge of the results of their work. When a job is designed to provide employees with information about the effects of their actions, they better understand how effective they are – and such knowledge improves their effectiveness. These critical psychological states affect personal and work outcomes such as: feelings of motivation, the quality of work performed, satisfaction with work, absenteeism and turnover.The higher these psychological states are, the more positive the personal and work benefits and outcomes will be. The job characteristics model is highly applicable and it has high and positive results. The employees that respond best to this model are the ones which have high need for personal growth and development. The model has been focus of many empirical tests, most of which are supportive of many aspects of the model. One study conducted among a group of South African clerical workers found particularly strong support for the job characteristic model (Greenberg/Baron, 2008). . Conclusion In my opinion altering employee motivation by changing job design is much more productive and better than improving motivation by incentive reward systems. It is true that inducing motivation by changing job design has several problems, such as difficulty of implementation and lack of employee acceptance, but these problems are easier to overcome than problems that occur when companies use money to motivate their employees. Incentive reward systems have problems beside the incredibly high costs to organization.These systems may lead to lower job satisfaction as the employees work until they reach their limit and then they become unhappy. They can also create competition within the organization and destroy cooperation among employees. Employees cannot be treated just as machines and the money they receive for their work just isn’t enough to satisfy them. They need recognition for their work and they need to see that the work they do is meaningful and worthwhile, and this is the thing that job design allows them to have. They feel respected and fulfilled and, at the end, motivated to perform the best they know. . References Ricky W. Griffin (2008). Management (9th Edition ed. ). Houghton Mifflin Company. Jerald Greenberg ; Robert A. Baron (2008). Behavior in Organizations (9th Edition ed. ). Pearson Prentice Hall. Luis R. Gomez-Mejia ; David B. Balkin ; Robert L. Cardy (2007). Managing Human Resources (5th Edition ed. ). Pearson Prentice Hall . Scott Snell ; George Bohlander (2007). Human Resorce Management. Thomson. http://psychology. about. com/od/mindex/g/motivation-definition. htm , http://www. entrepreneur. com/article/202352

The Mayas and the Incas.

The Mayas and the Incas are two Indian civilizations that inhabited South America and left a significant mark on the culture and history of these places. They both have legends that link their arrival to immigration from the East; however it is more likely that the immigration occurred from the north. Though these two cultures had some similarities one of these was not language as they had several differences in their native tongues. However, regardless of the differences legends have claimed a community of origin between these two civilizations, in the remote past.The Inca civilization has a reign of less than 200 years in comparison to the Maya civilization and has its base in the area that is now Peru. They flourished in the highlands of the Andes and their reign is estimated as being from AD 1438 – 1534. They also extended into the areas that are now Ecuador and Chile. There are links that show that this civilization was derived from a warlike tribe that moved into the val ley at Cuzco. Their reign was estimated to span from the Maule River to the Quito.In contrast, the Maya civilization emerged in BC 1000 and lasted more than a thousand years in the Yucatan area of Mexico into Guatemala, Belize and Honduras. They were responsible for the creation of many cities in their time such as Tikal and Uxual. They also had a wide span however their system of governance varied greatly and there was no emperor but rather several powerful heads in each city. There was also no capital as each city ruled itself.In terms of religious practices both civilizations practiced sacrificing of animals and at times of humans as well.   They also both worshipped several Gods. The Incas believed in a creator and many sky gods. They called gold the â€Å"sweat of the sun† and viewed it as precious only in materials used for ceremonial items. They focused on rituals that they believed led to healing and increasing harvest. In a trait similar to the Mayas, in times of c alamity they believed in the sacrifice of humans.These times included earthquakes and drought. The Inca also had a similar religion to the Inca. They also believed in several nature Gods and in the use of sacrifice to appease the Gods. The thought that the feeding of blood to the Gods would also appease and satisfy the Gods so that their  children would be healthy and their crops would be good. Religion was important in daily life and this is evident from the information that has been attained from pottery, the walls of buildings and murals.Inca architecture was ornate. The capital city was Cuzco and this was the richest city in the Americas at that time. The temples were decorated with gold plates. There were many royal estates and palaces that were for the nobility and were constantly maintained by the builders and artisans. The Mayas had elaborate buildings as well but were more advanced in their use of material.They used concrete in their construction and built pyramids as mon uments to Gods and leaders. Some of these pyramids were as tall as 200 feet. They also had a distinctive style of construction. The pyramids that they built the tops were flat unlike those in Egyptian architecture. This meant that their leaders were able to climb and sit atop the pyramids.There were mainly three staples in the Inca diet. These were corn, potato and a seed called quinua. They were advanced in thinking and grew a surplus of food for times of war and drought. The quinua was the seed that was used to produce flour and cereal.Corn was used in religious ceremonies and to make a drink called Chicha. The Maya diet was also largely reliant on agriculture. They cultivated corn, beans, sweet potatoes, squash and yucca. Corn was the main staple in their diet. They also sourced meat from the hunting of deer, monkey, duck and wild turkey. The product that was limited in consumption to the nobles was chocolate and was referred to as the drink of the Gods.The Incas had rulers that enforced a strong work ethic in them. Though they had leisure time this time was focused more on religious festivals. Many festivals would take place that were to honour leaders, Gods and to help with a good harvest. The Maya, in contrast, actually had a lot more activities. They had a game called â€Å"pok-ol-pok† that used a rubber ball.This game is very similar to what we know today as soccer. As in soccer the hands were not used to touch the ball and the ball had to be hit though a ring. This game could be very competitive and sometimes the losing team would lose their life. They also had trumpets made from conch shells and drums that they used to play music. Some other instruments included the turtle shell rattles and the pottery flutes. They loved to dance and play music and would honour the rulers and Gods by doing these activities.Both societies were classed societies. The Maya had at the bottom of the ladder the slaves. This was followed by the peasants, artisans, no bility, priests and the leaders at the top. There was no supreme leader. The farmers raised crops and worked hard as they did not use animals to prepare fields. Craftsmen made murals, pottery, jewellery and many other items.They also had piercing and tattoos like today but viewed beauty differently. The Inca had a similar class but with labourers below and an Emperor at the top. Farmers also worked hard and grew crops but also reared animals. The llamas were used for transport and the alpacas for their wool. The Inca painted their faces and also had piercings. They in addition had the ear of boys pierced in a manhood ceremony and a gold disc placed in the hole. When the boy grew older this disc was replaced with larger and larger discs. This was considered to be a sign of beauty.The culture of the Maya was very developed. They possessed a written language and books. They also had experts in the fields of mathematics and astronomy. As already mentioned, their architecture was excepti onal and they constructed palaces and pyramids with great skill. The writings of the Maya are perhaps on of the first writings of the Americas. They utilized pictures and symbols to represent words and thoughts.These symbols can be known as glyphs and have been found in books and walls. Their books were folded like a fan and were called codices. Their number system was advanced and they based it on the number 20 unlike our present system that uses 10. The Maya could subtract and add. It has also been seen that they were able to plot the movement of the sun, moon and Venus. They performed calculations on the orbit of Venus that have been found to be very accurate today. Their calendar is the most accurate one from the ancient world. They based their year on a 365 day system over one thousand years ago.The Inca culture was not as advanced and they did not have any written language. They did have the foresight to have verbal historians in their society that ensured that their history w as passed along through the generations. The form of mathematics that was practiced was also not very developed. They used a quipus to keep track of numbers. This consisted of coloured strings and knots tied. The quipu rememberers were able to translate the knots and keep track of amounts.The method by which the quipu was used is not known today. Although not  very advanced like the Maya in many aspects the Inca were also skilled in terms of architecture. The material they used was stone and not concrete however they were skilled enough to be able to fit the stones perfectly without the use of mortar. They also had the insight to build a lot of roads as much as 10,000 miles in addition to many temples, palaces and bridges. Their bridges were great structures that were made using a rope suspension method and they were advanced in terms of irrigation.The Inca and the Maya civilizations both have a lot of similarities and differences. The similarities in their religious beliefs are e vident on further inspection. These may be due to the fact that they most probably have in their lineages common ancestors or roots. The belief in sacrifices as well as the similarities in some of their Gods points clearly to this. The importance that the societies have placed on religion is also evident in their cultures.One factor that can account for the advanced development of the Maya civilization is the fact that they were an old civilization. This civilization had a lot of time to develop. The time period that they existed for was over a thousand years giving them a lot of time to develop, grow, explore and investigate the world around them and ways to improve their life. This information could then be passed along through the generations and built on and further developed with each successive generation.The Inca civilization, however, is one that was very young in age. They were around for only a period of about 200 years. This means that they were not able to advance to the degree of the Maya civilization within that timeframe. There achievements are in fact great for the limited time that they were in their prime. Their language given time, I am certain would have developed into a written language as well.Location of the civilizations can also account for differences in their diet and daily life. Though in the southern continent of the Americas the types of crops planted and reared would have varied from area to area and this would affect the type of food that was consumed by the population.The governance system of the civilizations may also account for some of the differences. The Mayas were not dependent on the governance of an Emperor and were able to function as independent cities while the Inca had  a supreme Emperor. This may indeed have held back the development of the Inca as they were dependent on the genius of one individual whereas the Maya were led by several leaders in many cities.  These reasons may account for the differences and s imilarities in the Inca and Maya civilizations. These civilizations had many similarities and many differences but were both in their own way and in their own time great in terms of their achievements and development.ReferencesStrohl, M. and S. Schneck. Mayas, Aztecs, Incas: Cooperative Learning Activities. New York: Scholastic Professional Books, 1994.Baquedano, E. Eyewitness Books: Aztec, Inca, and Maya. New York: Alfred A. Knopf,1993.Mesoamerican Civilizations: Mayas and Incas. 24th April, 2007Bleeker, S and Sasaki, K. The Maya: Indians of Central America. Published: Morrow, 1961.

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Write two pages for discussion forum - Article Example As a result, leadership in nursing also requires a separate set of leadership traits and qualities which must include all those skills and basic activities which take into account the issues relating to the field of nursing. This discussion has been carried out for many decades. Gentry et al., (2012) have contended that if people are born leaders, in that case, it will be very challenging to prove the validity of such claims because there are numerous styles of leadership and each has its own distinctive features or traits. Based on assertion, it can be deduced that leadership can be developed by closely working on those areas of human activity which are normally carried out by leaders. For example, American Association of Colleges of Nursing (2013) has clearly highlighted a set of characteristics highly essential for clinical nurse leaders and they include: determining patient-care delivery and practices and this encompasses collaboration and caring for the patients and critical evaluation of expected outcomes relating to patients; searching out the gaps between expected and actual results and taking essential measures for diminishing the effects of gaps in patient care practices; risk analysis relatin g to patients and their medical and psychological condition; managing and ensuring team leadership along with intra-department and inter-department cooperation ; determining and developing evidence-based practices; using information technology and systems for improving the performance of clinical facilities. In other words, clinical leadership can be developed with a comprehensive clinical education framework. For instance, Curtis et al., (2011) explain that nursing leadership courses should be commenced at the undergraduate level in which nursing leadership, leaders in nursing both theoretical and practical approaches, frameworks and parameters must be taught to the new students entering in the field of

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Research - Essay Example In 2000, for the first time a food product was recalled because of its genetically modified ingredients by Taco Bell brand. The recall occurred not because of some imminent danger to human life, but because it has not been approved by government bureaucrats at the USDA. The media attention surrounding the recall castigated Taco Bell for endangering lives, and seized the opportunity to condemn all genetically modified foods. They did this despite the fact that many genetically modified foods are already approved by government agencies entrusted with â€Å"protecting† the American people from food producing corporations (Fulmer). Nevertheless, there is little to be â€Å"protected† from in this case: genetically modified foods offer a wealth of benefits, in spite of their damaged reputation. Arguments that we frequently hear against the use and consumption of genetically modified foods are based on commitments to overly sentimental appeals to nature and related fallacies. The term â€Å"genetically modified food† or â€Å"genetically modified organism† often vaguely refers to a bioengineered crop plant grown and harvested for consumption by humans or animals. Products that might be classified as GMOs are developed in laboratories to augment desired traits as they are expressed in the plant’s phenotypes (Whitman). Traits that farmers and scientists will likely select for include a higher nutritional content, a stronger resistance to herbicides, a stronger resistance to harsh environmental conditions, and a longer shelf life. These traits allow (1) the farmer to produce a better yield and therefore bring more of his product to the marketplace, and (2) provide a better quality product that (a) tastes better and (b) is healthier. Genetic engineering allows the scientist to select a desired trait very rapidly, and transplant an advantageous gene from one plant to another. This conception of the genetically

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Business Enterprise Proposition - Essay Example Maintaining the health has become the major necessity. Many professional health centers are opened to guide the health conscious people about the proper exercises and proper and healthy diet. In short this service is really very money-spinning. This is the reason we are planning to start a Health Club â€Å"La Bella Health Club.† The health club is concentrating a particular market segment and that is the women or female customers. Health club is the need of the people especially who are living in urban area. In these days the people work before the computer for more than eight hours. The office job generally is sitting job. So it causes lots of negative impact on the physical health. They have to watch the computer screen and it can damage their eyes. It can result into many physical problems such as obesity, spondylitis, vertigo and many more. For women especially the major problem is hormonal changes. In such situation people are inclined to start regular Gym activities to maintain their health. The goals of this health care centre are long term goals. So the strategies are based on the achievement of long term goals. So it is necessary for the business to establish its brand in the market. For this the following activities will be performed. The online registration for membership will also be available. The website will also be the major part of our promotional activity and so our IT team will take strong efforts to make it attractive as much as possible. The facilities consist of regular Gymnasium, Cardio, Aerobics, Yoga, Swimming, and weight loss package, steam and massage. The latest technologies will be used in our health club; among them is Power Plate Machine, Treadmill, Croos Trianer, Recumbent bike, coach rower and many more. Very spacious premises of around 6000 sq ft will be available. A special circuit program of 30 minutes will be arranged for the women. In this program we will provide high standard circuit series

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Business improvement and creativity for PUMA company - Essay Example The PUMA company owns the brands Tretorn, Cobra Golf and the brand PUMA. The company, which was incepted in 1948 distributes its services in over 120 countries, staffs more than 11000 workers and has headquarters in Hong Kong, Boston and Herzogenaurach in Germany. This paper applies Kotter’s 8 Stage Change Model approach to summarize business improvements of PUMA Company. A focused and informative analysis of the theory is done with the aid of a diagram analysis. The analysis of the theory is based on its weaknesses and strengths and case analysis of PUMA organization. Challenges, impact sustainability, resistance, current strategy, turnover, profit and audit are key points discussed in the paper in respect to PUMA’s case study. Finally, the paper provides recommendations in view of what the company should do to support sustained improvement and success. Focused and Informative Theory Analysis Kotter’s 8 Stage Change Model: Step one of this model stresses on the need to create urgency. In order for change to occur, in an organization, the entire management must embrace the change (Schacter, 2002). Developing a sense of urgency around the needed anticipated change helps in sparkling the motivation to have things done (Katzenbach and Smith, 1993). This step encompasses identifying potential threats and developing scenarios, which indicate what, is likely to happen in the future, examining opportunities to be exploited, requesting support from customers, and stakeholders and providing dynamics and reasons to get people thinking and talking. In order for the change to be effective, 75 percent of the management need buy into the idea. Therefore, significant energy and time is required for building urgency prior moving to the next stage. Stage two is the form of a powerful coalition, which involves convincing participants that change is necessary. This point requires visible and strong leadership from senior people within the organization. Tom (1 982) argues that to effect change, bringing together influential people or a coalition from various professions remains critical. After the formation of the coalition, it should operate as a team by continuing to build momentum and urgency around the need for change (Hersey and Blanchard, 1977). Step three demands creation of a vision necessary for change. Solutions and great ideas should be linked to an overall vision, which people can easily remember and understand (Madaza and Agere, 1999). A central vision helps members to understand the importance of their contribution (Deal and Kennedy, 1982). The leaders should therefore establish the values, which are crucial to the change, develop a summary, which captures the organization’s vision, practice the vision speech, create a strategy to implement the vision and ascertain the member fully comprehend the vision. Stage four is centered on communicating the vision. Communicating the vision frequently is indispensable at the sli ghtest opportunity that arises (Hammer and Stanton, 1995). The newly created vision should be applied daily to solve problems and when making decisions. This helps member to remember to the contents of the vision and apply in their departments. For the leaders, walking the talk is critical in demonstrating

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The garden that climbs the stairs and national theater concert hall - Research Paper Example Sustainable development in form of landscape art is a dynamic process, which enables all people to realize their potential and improve their quality of life in ways, which simultaneously protect and enhance the earth’s life support systems. Blanc acknowledges the impacts that landscape art can have on the environment or place and are committed to reduce these by putting up measures and creativity to assist in doing so. In trying to achieve this, Blanc has identified key performance indicators that will assist in their commitment. One of those indicators is to reduce CO2 emissions from existing bad environment and surroundings as well as distribution center’s by at least 50% by 2020, against a baseline of 2006 (Abraham, 180). The second is to reduce CO2 emissions from the new stores by 50% by 2020 against the baseline of 2006. To realize these goals, Blanc knew that major changes had to be adopted in the the National theatre concert hall, and for that reason the landscapers decided to form a garden climbing up which covered the full spectrum of environmental sustainability skills. The aim of the garden could have been to deliver a theatre hall that reduces the impacts on the environment, whilst offering a robust, balanced and operational store. This core team researched, designed and specified a brand new national theatre concert hall (Carron, 12). Gill Smith, who was the leader of the Environmental Sustainable Team at Scott Wilson facilitated the production of the Environmental Sustainability Statement. For the project, two sites were elected which were fundamentally similar. By doing this a base line store was to be built at Gorton in Manchester and a trial Environmental store was to be built at Cheetham. The stores are of similar size and experience similar climatic condition. The only variables are the environmental initiatives within the Environmental Store (Kibert,

Notes from the Underground Essay Example for Free

Notes from the Underground Essay â€Å"Notes from the Underground† by Fyodor Dostoevsky, justifies that the underground hero/anit-hero is the universal man that we as a society cannot accept. Can we as a society relate to the ethics of this man, and accept it? The reader is set to ponder on why Dostoevsky would want to give such unadvisable traits to this character? Traits such as: Rude, Bad tempered, Bossy, Spoilt, lazy, unreliable, and anti-social. The answer to the question would be that Dostoevsky does not believe in the norms that the society has set for people. A few people in our society would understand, as well as relate to his intentions, aspirations, and majority of our society would perceive his actions as incompetent. Dostoevsky implies that everybody in a society acts in their own self-interest, including the Underground Man, and the world he lives in. The Underground Man as well as society, acts to gain advantages over people, or certain situations in their own self-interest. The Underground Man achieves his self-interest by, playing a mind games with his customers from work, using rudeness and intimidation. Genuine wickedness to people is his kind of self-interest. None the less; here is a character with three other major undesirable traits: perception insight, hatred, and self-punishment for his anti-socialism against society. A problem that Dostoevsky’s Underground Man has is the same problem the society suffers, which is perceptional insight on their world. The Underground Man, perceives being conscious is an illness that only paralyzes people into a corner of the world, incapable of action. His consciousness makes him aware of all of the â€Å"opposite elements† inside him, so much so that he can never make a decision or act confidently on any of his desires. He thinks people who are overly conscious, posses more than what they need for survival in the nineteenth century. He states, â€Å"The more conscious I become of goodness and all that was â€Å"sublime and beautiful,† the more deeply did I sink into the mire and the ready I was to sink into it altogether. †(Part I, Chp II, Pg 99) Another statement he makes is,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the whole nasty, disgusting part of it was that all the time I was shamefully conscious- even at the moments of my greatest exasperation. †(Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) When the Underground Man implies that his great intelligence and heightened consciousness prevent him from being an â€Å"active man,† saying that active people are always â€Å"disingenuous,† (Lacking in frankness) he is rationalizing his inability to act. However, the fact that the Underground Man deludes himself about the source of his alienation does not mean that Dostoevsky necessarily wants to glorify the â€Å"man of action. † He considers active men universally â€Å"dull and narrow-minded†, the very traits that allow them to act. The Underground Man as well as society makes one set of values correct while rejecting any other set of values, because of what they what to believe in. People are followers of their own rules, trying to block out society, and their environment for self interest purposes; purposes such as making money, street traffic, interaction with others, and etc. He dictates a list of values which are most important, and by which all humans should be driven, as he states,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the legitimate result of consciousness is to make all actions impossible†¦All plain men and men of action are active only because they are dull witted and mentally undeveloped. † (Part I, Chp V, Pg 108) The Underground Man resists the idea of rational egoism, believing man to be an inherently irrational creature. Man will always try to assert his free will, even if asserting this free will goes against reason and self-interest. The Underground Man believes so because, he can think of no other explanation for the way others have treated him in his life. The perplex character of the Underground Man compares to men in society who have failed at love and social acceptance; therefore they feel the need to force false emotions. These false emotions are variables that consist of: grief, self-fulfilling prophecy, false hope, love, and so on. The Underground Man feels that he is too lazy to achieve the status of love and acceptance from anyone, which shows his mixture of false emotions. The Underground Man states, â€Å"Oh, if only I had done nothing merely out of laziness! † (Part I, Chp VI, Pg 110) Like most men in this society, the Underground Man’s irrational logic hides his inner, as well as his outer emotions. At one part in the beginning of the story, it is hard to catch where he addresses us frequently and directly, calling us â€Å"gentlemen,† (Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) and he constantly analyzes and revises his statements in the fear that we are judging him. The Underground Man treats us like a panel of hostile judges, looking down upon his underground life from our comfortable position above ground, from the vantage point of the social world he has fled. Because we are aware that the Underground Man is conscious of our presence, we must question the validity of any statements he makes about not writing for our benefit. The Underground Man is a prime example of what is known in literature as an unreliable narrator: because everything we learn from the Underground Man is filtered through the lens of our society. Anguished perspective, we can never be sure he is telling us the objective truth about anything. Dostoevsky ridicules his logic because it all implies that it could derive from hatred alone. One may hate society or a certain group of people, because of society’s outlook on what is unacceptable behavior. This leads us back to the story, â€Å"Notes from the Underground†, where the Underground Man finds himself being filled with spite towards society because; he feels that he won’t be socially accepted. The solution most people would feel from this hate would be: to become rude, angry, more competitive, and more importantly confused. While the Underground Man was a civil servant he found himself being rude to the customers, as he clearly states, â€Å"I was rude and took pleasure in being rude. Mind you, I never accepted any bribes†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) Accepting bribes is common and widely tolerated. The Underground Man is filled with bitterness toward all aspects of society, but he is aware that he is powerless to act against it or within it. He cannot even manage to be a wicked civil servant. Instead, he takes his aggressions out on himself, refusing to see a doctor and remaining in an unhealthy climate out of spite. When people speak mean or rude comments to others, do you think of them as an awful person? Most people like the Underground Man act like this because; it is a safe way to let out their emotions without physical repercussions, towards another human being. Everybody has an evil side in them, some are willing to show, but others are afraid because of the consequences given by the law. An example would be: on the night the Underground Man went to the tavern to socialize, he found himself in a situation where he was being physically picked up, and moved to the side, for he was in the way of the army officer. Instead of retaliating against this officer, he found himself becoming obsessed with revenge after the fact of what happened. At that point in time, he wanted to be socially accepted by getting into a fight with the officer; instead he found himself being moved to the side like he was absolutely nothing. â€Å"I could have forgiven him if he had given me a beating, but I could not forgive him for having moved me from one place to another as if I were a piece of furniture. † (Part II, Chp I, Pg 137) The Underground Mans interaction with the soldier, however pathetic it may appear, has its roots in ideas of justice and revenge. The Underground Man wants to walk with the officer as an equal, but when he tries to put this progressive idea into practice, he fails. The people, who starve for social interaction would want so much as a fight to come their way, so in some form they are socially accepted. People like the Underground Man try to balance interpersonal engagements with â€Å"time spent alone† but, yet they differ from the degree of enjoyment, engaging in social activities; such as taking a walk in the park, movies, trying out a youth group/study group, visiting art exhibits, and so on. These different desires are strong functions to spend time alone, verses wanting to socialize with other people. Going back to the Underground Man, another example of hatred/revenge towards society would be when: he begins to preach false inspiration to a prostitute on how to live life, after the fact of sleeping with her. â€Å"I turned away in disgust. I was no longer reasoning coldly†¦ I was already longing to expound my own favorite little notions which had nursed so lovingly in my funk-hole. † (Part II, Chp VI, Pg 177) Interestingly, the Underground Man does not, for once, recognize the literary tradition behind his mission. He feels that he is manipulating the prostitute with his sentimental language, and he both enjoys and feels ashamed of the feeling of power this manipulation gives him. He does not; however, appear to recognize the sources of his story as readily as he recognizes other literary influences to which he refers early in the novel. Instead, the Underground Man tells us in retrospect, he genuinely felt the things he was saying, even as he was aware that he was manipulating the prostitute. Situations like these give men a sense of dominance, and superiority towards people that are mentally weak. They lash out all of their social frustrations, trying to make ends meet. This is their way of payback on society. Another relationship of hatred would be between the Underground Man, and Apollon (His Servant). The Underground Man wants it to be known that, he hates Apollon for his rudeness and churlish behavior. The Underground Man states, â€Å"For years on end we had been continually squabbling, and I hated him. † (Part II, Chp VIII, Pg 196) The Underground Mans burning hatred of Apollon stems from a similar desire for domination. The Underground Man wants to feel he can dominate Apollon completely, as Apollon is his servant and depends on him for wages. Once again this is an example of the Underground Man hating something he has little to no control over. People hate things they have no control over out of fear, this is a common human characteristic in all of us. They try to become dominant towards another person to no prevail. If there was more control applied over what you fear, then there wouldn’t be much to worry about, right? Being filled with so much hatred towards society, can ultimately lead into situations of self-punishment. With the Underground Man symbolizing men in our society, why exactly would people inflict self-harm? People want attention from society, punishing themselves mentally or physically may be their only solution to their problems. They avoid professional help because; they don’t want to be considered crazy. The Underground Man shows self-punishment in the beginning of the story, when he refuses medical attention for his dying liver. â€Å"Still, the fact remains that if I refuse to be medically treated, it is only out of spite. My liver hurts me – well, let it damn well hurt – the more it hurts the better. † (Part I, Chp I, Pg 96) This behavior is the first evidence we have of the Underground Mans gratification, his enjoyment of his own pain and humiliation. He is punishing himself, in spite of the society. People like him are hedonistic; they want to exert some type of power over someone in a certain situation, for self-gratification. Humans make choices based on complex and irrational emotions, because they have no acceptable logic within doing it. Their lives cannot be determined by equations based on their own self-interest. Throughout Dostoevsky’s stories, self-punishment is found in almost all of his characters. The character closest to the Underground Man, would be, the man from â€Å"The Dream of the Ridiculous Man†. Here is another Dostoevsky character that can’t find his place in the world, and feels as if he doesn’t deserve to live. â€Å"I made up my mind to kill myself that night. I had made up my mind to kill myself already two months before and, poor as I am, I bought myself an excellent revolver and loaded it the same day. † (Dostoevsky, TDOARM, Pg 206) The Ridiculous Mans idea of self-punishment is a lot more intense than the character from â€Å"Notes of the Underground†, but none the less they are practically identical. The Underground Man is perceived as a universal character in most, if not all of Dostoevsky stories. His struggles with anti-socialism and other traits are similar to all of Dostoevsky’s characters. Dostoevsky incorporates our human struggles into his stories, to take the reader on an emotional journey. Dostoevsky’s characters are leading examples of the people in our society, who cannot find themselves to be accepted, therefore this people want to punish themselves for something they have little control over. Conclusion: Dostoevsky makes his point by introducing characters whose actions are the exact opposite to what is good for them. The Underground Man especially makes choices that go against the societal self-interest values, such as anti-socialism, where time after time in the story he proved he can’t handle the social aspects of life. He does things that seem completely irrational and illogical, if he wants to become happy. He compromises decency, dignity, friendship, kindness, and all other values to his vicious traits, all in the name of happiness. The whole story is a horrible account of the man’s anti-social nature and actions; while uncanny similarities rise between him and our society. Why would a man with capabilities such as the Underground Man, not strive every moment to socialize while being happy, free, and prosperous? Dostoevsky answers, simply, but brilliantly, with amazing insight into human nature: â€Å"Because he does not want to. † (Dostoevsky)